Columbus was accompanied by five 'maranos' (Jews who had forsworn their religion and supposedly became Catholics), Luis de Torres, interpreter; Marco, the surgeon; Bernal, the physician; Alonzo de la Calle and Gabriel Sanchez. -- (Ref. 'The International Jew' by Henry Ford) "Gabriel Sanchez, abetted by the other four Jews, sold Columbus on the idea of capturing 500 Indians and selling them as slaves in Seville, Spain, which was done. Columbus did not receive any of the money from the sale of the slaves but he became the victim of a conspiracy fostered by Bernal, the ship's doctor. He, Columbus, suffered injustice and imprisonment as his reward. Betrayed by the five maranos (Jews) whom he had trusted and helped. This, ironically, was the beginning of slavery in the Americas." -- "Adventures of an African Slaver" by Malcolm Cowley, 1928, p.11) "The Jews were expelled from Spain on August 2, 1492 and from Portugal in 1497. Many of these Jews emigrated to Holland, where they set up the Dutch West Indies Company to exploite the new world." -- Who Brought the Slaves to America, page 4 "The first Jew to begin trading with the Indians was Hayman Levy, who imported cheap glass beads, textiles, earrings, armbands and other cheap adornments from Holland which were traded for valuable fur pelts, Hayman Levy was soon joined by Jews Nicholas Lowe and Joseph Simon. Lowe conceived the idea of trading rum and whiskey to the Indians and set up a distillery in Newport, where these two liquors were produced. Within a short time there were 22 distilleries in Newport, all of them owned by Jews, manufacturing and distributing 'firewater'. The story of the debauching of the Indians with its resultant massacres of the early settlers, is a dramatic story in itself. "An authentic, contemporary report, based on authority, indicates that of 128 Slave ships that unloaded their 'Cargo' in Charleston, within one year 120 of these were undersigned by Jews from Newport and Charleston by their own name. About the rest of them, one can surmise, although they were entered as Boston (1) Norfolk (2), and Baltimore (4), their real owners were similarly the Jewish slave dealers from Newport and Charleston. "Concerning the entire commerce of the Colonies, and the later State of Rhode Island, (which included Newport) bills of lading, concessions, receipts, and port clearances carried the signature name of the Jew, Aaron Lopez. This all took place during the years 1726 to 1774. He had therefore more than 50% of all dealings under his personal control for almost fifty years. Aside from that there were other ships which he owned, but sailed under other names. "In the year 1749, the first Masonic Lodge was established. 90% of the members of this first lodge, fourteen all told, were Jews. And one knows that only so-called 'prominent' individuals were accepted. Twenty years later, the second Masonic Lodge: 'King David' was established. It is a fact that all of these members were Jews." -- Who Brought the Slaves to America, page 5 "Prior to 1661, all of the Colonies had laws prohibiting slavery. It was in that year that the Jews had become powerful enough to bring about the repeal of these laws, and slavery began in earnest." -- Who Brought the Slaves to America, page 11 "We now learn that the Jews created slavery and practiced it long before the birth of Jesus Christ. Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol. XI, p. 485, Rabbi Lewis Browne, in his 'Stranger Than Fiction,' p. 196, says that "under the tolerant rule of the Mohammedans, the Jews began slavery and began to prosper. They who had been poor and bedraggled peddlars for centuries, now became wealthy and powerful traders. They traveled everywhere, from England to India, from Bohemia to Egypt. Their commonest merchandise in those days was slaves. On every highroad and on every great river and sea, these Jewish traders were to be found with their gangs of shackled prisoners in convoy." "Albert M. Hyamson ('A History of the Jews in England,' p, 5) makes the interesting observation that the Jewish slave traders were probably indirectly responsible for the conversion of Britain to Christianity. Homer mentions Cyprus and Egypt as the common markets for slaves, about the time of the Trojan war. Egypt is represented in the book of Genesis as a market for slaves, and in Exodus was famous for the severity of its servitude. Tyre and Sidon, as we learn from the book of Joel, were notorious for the prosecution of the slave trade. Although this trade was not confined to the Jews they nevertheless introduced it throughout all Asia and spread it through the Grecian and Roman world. As the northern nations were settled in their conquests, the slavery and commerce of the human species began to decline, and were finally abolished. Some writers have ascribed this result to the prevalence of the feudal system; while others, a much more generous class, have maintained that it was the natural effect of Christianity. Christianity was admirably adapted to this purpose. It taught "that all men were originally equal; that the Deity was no respecter of persons; and that, as all men were to give an account of their actions hereafter, it was necessary that they should be free." "Albert Hyamson says, 'The British slaves who, in the Roman market-place, attracted the attention of King Gregory, and directed it towards Britain, were most probably introduced into Italy by Jewish merchants.' The first attempt by the British to establish a regular slave trade on the African coast, was made in the year 1618, when James I, granted an exclusive charter to Sir Robert Rich and some other Jewish merchants of London for raising a joint stock company to trade to Guinea." -- Who Brought the Slaves to America, page 27